However, critics claim that the extent of corruption may still be underestimated, as rankings may miss forms of corruption that are harder to detect and have a less obvious impact on people’s daily lives. One example of this is when politicians or public officials make decisions that unlawfully benefit their friends or relatives, i.e., what is known as nepotism or friendship corruption.
To investigate this, Emanuel Wittberg, in his doctoral thesis, has analysed records data for the entire Swedish population, relating to for instance workplace, educational level and family relationships.
Risk of corruption
“Both when it comes to housing owned by any given municipal landlord and jobs in any given municipality or government agency, we’re talking about a 2 to 4 per cent increased chance,” says Emanuel Wittberg, a doctoral student at the Institute for Analytical Sociology and the Centre for Local Government Studies at Linköping University.
According to Emanuel Wittberg, this difference is statistically significant.
There may of course be many explanations for this other than nepotism. Individuals may differ in backgrounds, drives, preferences and knowledge about how society functions, and this may affect the results. To weed out such factors, Emanuel Wittberg has compared individuals who are similar but some of whom have contacts and others not.
In spite of this, it is not possible to eliminate uncertainty, as the records data do not contain all information. He therefore points out that the results show where there may be a risk of nepotism, although it is not possible to determine that nepotism is involved in each individual case.
“My thesis indicates that this is a problem that is relevant to study and keep your eyes on, also in a mature democracy like Sweden.”
Training and new procedures
There is a risk that corruption may erode citizens’ confidence in public agencies. In Emanuel Wittberg’s opinion, this can be avoided by ensuring transparency, so that decisions can be reviewed. There may also be a need for more awareness training and better procedures, such as anonymising job applications to a greater extent.
Emanuel Wittberg says that what is special about his thesis is not only that it investigates corruption in a mature democracy but also the method used: analysis of large-scale data. His investigation includes many individuals, organisations and businesses, analysed over a long period of time. According to him, the results are a first step towards getting an idea of the risk of large-scale nepotism.
Translation by Anneli Mosell
